ᠲᠡᠷᠢᠭᠦᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠰᠤ
ᠲᠣᠶᠢᠮᠣ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯ
ᠰᠣᠨᠢᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡ
ᠢᠯᠡ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ
ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡ
ᠰᠢᠨ᠎ᠡ ᠬᠦᠳᠡᠭᠡ
ᠰᠣᠶᠣᠯ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠨᠢ
ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡᠨ ᠲᠣᠶᠢᠮᠤ
ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠲᠡᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠴᠠᠭ᠄
2018-08-15
         ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡᠨ ᠲᠣᠶᠢᠮᠤ     ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠴᠢᠬᠤᠯᠠ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠪᠦᠷᠯᠳᠦᠭᠦᠨ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠪᠤᠯ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠯ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠃ ᠶᠠᠮᠠᠷᠪᠠ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠬᠦᠭᠵᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠡᠰᠡᠬᠦ ᠨᠢ ᠳᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠲᠠᠯ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠵᠢᠶ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠦᠭᠭᠦᠨ᠎ᠡ᠃ ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠠᠬᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠂ ᠬᠦᠭᠵᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠦᠯᠡᠮᠵᠢ ᠠᠷᠪᠢᠨ ᠪᠦᠭᠡᠳ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠨᠦᠭᠦᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠯ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠴᠦ ᠶᠡᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠦᠷᠨᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃     ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠡᠤᠬᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠪᠠᠯ᠂ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠳᠠᠵᠤ  ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠨᠡᠯᠢᠶᠡᠳ ᠡᠷᠲᠡ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ᠂ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠᠪᠠᠯ᠂ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠡᠬᠢᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠬᠠᠢ ᠶᠣᠮ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠬᠢ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠦᠯᠲᠡ ᠴᠤᠬᠤᠮ ᠠᠯᠢ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠤᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠢ ᠰᠢᠭᠦᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠯᠴᠡᠬᠦ ᠳᠤ ᠠᠰᠢᠭᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠵᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠬᠦ ᠳᠤ ᠤᠰᠤᠯ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬᠤ ᠡ᠃ ᠮᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠲᠠ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠦᠵᠡᠪᠡᠯ᠂ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠯᠠᠢ ᠰᠡᠴᠡᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠵᠠᠷᠯᠢᠭ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠳᠦᠷᠪᠡᠯᠵᠢᠨ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠫᠠᠭᠪᠠ ᠪᠯᠠᠮ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠪᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠯᠠᠮ᠎ᠠ ᠬᠦᠩᠭᠠᠵᠠᠯᠽᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠣᠶᠢᠭᠤᠷᠵᠢᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠬᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠵᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠯᠲᠠ ᠪᠠ ᠴᠣᠶᠢᠵᠢᠣᠳᠰᠠᠷ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠣᠶᠢᠭᠤᠷ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠤ ︽ᠵᠢᠷᠦᠬᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠣᠯᠳᠣ︾ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ᠂ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠤᠳ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠣᠶᠢᠷᠠᠯᠴᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠴᠠᠭ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠤ ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠢ ︽ᡁᠢ ᠶᠤᠸᠠᠨ ᠢ ᠢᠦᠢ︾ ᠬᠡᠬᠦ ᠮᠡᠲᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠮᠦᠨ ᠴᠦ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠷᠤᠭ ᠣᠶᠢᠷᠠᠯᠴᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠴᠠᠭ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠳᠤ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶ᠋ᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠮᠠᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠠᠽᠢᠶ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ  ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠭᠠᠷᠴᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠪᠤᠢ᠃ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠦᠵᠡᠪᠡᠯ᠂ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠶᠢᠮᠤ ᠶᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠨᠢ ᠰᠤᠶᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠪ ᠬᠦᠷᠦᠩᠭᠡ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠨ  ᠲᠠᠨᠢᠯᠴᠠᠬᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠴᠢᠬᠤᠯᠠ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠲᠠᠯ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠂ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠬᠢ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠦᠯᠲᠠ᠂ ᠬᠦᠭᠵᠢᠯ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠷᠠᠯ  ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠠᠵᠦ᠂ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠢ ᠣᠳᠣ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠮᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠴᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠦᠢᠯᠠᠴᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠳᠤ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠠᠰᠢᠭᠲᠠᠢ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠨᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᠳᠲᠠ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃     ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠯᠢ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡᠨ ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠴᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢ  ᠶᠡᠷᠦᠩᠬᠡᠢ ᠳᠤᠨᠢ ᠳᠦᠷᠪᠡᠨ ᠱᠠᠲᠤ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠠ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠶᠠᠮᠠᠷ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠨᠢ᠄ 13-15 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠬᠦᠷᠲᠡᠯᠡᠬᠢ ᠶᠢ  ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ︔ 17-19 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠡᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠬᠢ ᠬᠦᠷᠲᠡᠯᠡᠬᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ︔ 19  ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠡᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠬᠢ ᠠᠴᠠ 20 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠬᠢ ᠬᠦᠷᠲᠡᠯᠡᠬᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ︔1949  ᠣᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠨᠠᠭᠠᠰᠢᠬᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠳᠦᠷᠪᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ ︵ᠪᠤᠶᠤ ᠰᠢᠨ᠎ᠡ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ︶ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠶᠠᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃     ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠠᠵᠢᠯ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠷ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠭᠳᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠶᠤᠸᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠮᠢᠩ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠭᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠠᠮᠢᠶᠠᠷᠤᠭᠳᠠᠬᠤ  ︽ᠢ ᠢᠦᠢ︾ ︵译语︶ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠬᠦ ︽ᠢ ᠢᠦᠢ︾ ᠭᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠪᠤᠯ ︽ᠤᠷᠴᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠦᠭᠡ︾ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠤᠳᠬ᠎ᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠦᠭᠡᠳ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠬᠤᠪᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠭᠤᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ︽ᠢ ᠢᠦᠢ︾ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠᠪᠠᠯ ︽ᡁᠢ ᠶᠤᠸᠠᠨ ᠢ ᠢᠦᠢ︾᠂ ︽ᠬᠤᠸᠠ ᠢ ᠢ ᠢᠦᠢ︾ ᠬᠡᠬᠦ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠢ ᠳᠤᠷᠠᠳᠴᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠤᠯᠪᠤᠭᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠦᠭᠦᠭᠡ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠭᠡᠪᠡᠯ᠂ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠵᠦᠭ ᠠᠷᠠᠪ ᠤᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠲᠤ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠳᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠷᠠᠪ — ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠵᠢᠱᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠢᠳᠠ ᠠᠯ — ᠵᠠᠮᠬᠠᠰᠢᠷᠢ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠲᠦᠷᠺ  ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠤᠯᠪᠣᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ︽ᠮᠦᠺᠠᠳ᠋ᠳᠢᠮᠠᠲ ᠠᠯ — ᠠᠳᠠᠪ︾ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠠᠷᠠᠪ — ᠫᠧᠷᠰ — ᠲᠦᠷᠺ — ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠳᠦᠷᠪᠡᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠢ ᠲᠦᠯᠦᠭᠡᠯᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠨ ᠳᠤᠷᠠᠳᠴᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ︽ᠬᠤᠸᠠ ᠢ ᠢ ᠢᠦᠢ︾ ᠴᠦ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ᠂ ︽ᠮᠦᠺᠠᠳ᠋ᠳᠢᠮᠠᠲ ᠠᠯ — ᠠᠳᠠᠪ︾ ᠴᠦ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ᠂ ᠶᠡᠷᠦ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠳᠤ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ᠂ ᠰᠡᠭᠦᠯᠴᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠨᠦᠭᠦᠳ ᠲᠤ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠦᠭᠴᠠᠢ᠃ ᠬᠡᠷᠪᠡ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠭᠦᠳᠡᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠦᠵᠡᠪᠡᠯ᠂ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ᠂ ᠵᠦᠪᠬᠡᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠨ  ᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠩ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠳᠤᠰᠬᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠂ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠠᠪᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯ᠂ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠵᠦᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠣᠨᠴᠠᠯᠢᠭ ᠢ ᠴᠦ ᠬᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠤᠯᠬᠤᠷ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠦᠨ᠎ᠡ ᠪᠠᠨ᠎ᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠪᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠨᠢ ᠮᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃     ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠠᠵᠢᠯ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠴᠤ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠷ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠭᠳᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠬᠡᠬᠦ ᠳᠤ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠭᠦ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠷ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠷ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠠᠭᠤᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠤᠪᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠤᠨᠳᠣᠣ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ  ᠳᠤ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᠤ — ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ᠂ ᠨᠠᠩᠭᠢᠶᠠᠳ — ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠮᠡᠲᠦᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠦᠭᠡᠰ ᠢ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠰ ᠪᠠ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠲᠠᠢ  ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠴᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠲᠤᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠳᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠦᠭᠡᠳ ᠨᠦᠭᠦᠭᠡ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠦᠪᠡᠳ — ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᠤ — ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ᠂ ᠨᠠᠩᠭᠢᠶᠠᠳ — ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ᠂ ᠡᠰᠡᠭᠦᠯ᠎ᠡ  ᠮᠠᠨᠵᠤ — ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ — ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠭᠠᠷᠴᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢ  ᠭᠤᠣᠯᠳᠠᠭᠤ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ ᠲᠦᠷᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠤᠯᠪᠣᠭᠳᠠᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠦᠭᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠳᠤᠷᠠᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠬᠡᠳᠦᠨ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠷᠤᠨᠳᠤᠬᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠦᠷᠦ᠂ ᠡᠳ᠋ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ᠂ ᠰᠤᠶᠤᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠰᠤᠷᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠᠰᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠴᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠡᠶᠢᠮᠦ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠢᠱᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ︽ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᠦ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ  ᠤᠨ ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠭᠤ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠯᠡᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ︾᠂ ︽ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠳᠦᠷᠪᠡᠨ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠬᠠᠪᠰᠤᠷᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ︾ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠨᠠᠭᠠᠳᠣ ᠵᠠᠬ᠎ᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠠᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠬᠡᠳᠦᠨ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠢ ᠳᠤᠷᠠᠳᠴᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠲᠡᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠦᠪᠡᠳ — ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠳᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ  ᠠᠴᠠ ᠠᠷᠠᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠦᠭᠡᠳ ᠭᠤᠣᠯᠳᠠᠭᠤ ᠱᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠰᠤᠷᠲᠠᠬᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠴᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ︽ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ︾ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠠᠯᠳᠠᠷᠰᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠡᠶᠢᠮᠦ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠤᠳ᠂ ᠪᠤᠷᠬᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠱᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠢᠨ᠎ᠡ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠯ ᠪᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠰᠢᠷ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠱᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠷᠡᠭᠰᠨ ᠴᠠᠭ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠬᠤᠶᠢᠰᠢ ᠶᠡᠬᠡᠯ᠎ᠡ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠳᠠᠵᠣ ᠡᠬᠢᠯᠡᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠶᠠᠭ ᠯᠠ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠤᠯᠪᠣᠭᠳᠠᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠦᠭᠦᠯᠡᠯ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠦᠵᠡᠪᠡᠯ᠂ ᠡᠶᠢᠮᠦ ᠲᠦᠪᠡᠳ — ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠶᠢ ︽ᠳᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ︾ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠤᠴᠢᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠦᠪᠡᠳ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠤ ︽ᠲᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭ︾ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠢ ᠢᠩᠬᠢᠵᠦ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠯ᠎ᠡ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠲᠡᠮᠲᠡᠭᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠤᠢ᠃ ᠦᠨᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠴᠦ ︽ᠳᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ︾ ᠪᠤᠶᠤ ︽ᠲᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭ︾ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠳᠤᠷᠠᠳᠤᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠬᠤᠶᠢᠰᠢ ᠲᠤᠩ ᠠᠷᠪᠢᠨ ᠭᠠᠷᠴᠠᠢ᠃     ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠠᠳᠠᠯᠢ ᠲᠠᠯ᠎ᠠ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠᠪᠠᠯ᠂ ᠲᠦᠪᠡᠳ — ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠦᠷᠭᠦᠯᠵᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠳᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠠᠳᠠᠯᠢ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ᠭᠡᠪᠡᠴᠦ ᠠᠳᠠᠯᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠯ᠎ᠠ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠷ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ  ᠨᠢ᠂ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠡᠳ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᠤ — ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠴᠠᠩᠭᠤᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠰᠴᠤ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠡᠳ᠂ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ — ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠨᠢ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠨᠦᠭᠦᠭᠡ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠡᠸᠦ᠋ᠷᠦᠫᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠨᠦᠭᠦᠳ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠴᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠲᠤᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠭᠠᠷᠴᠤ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠣᠨᠴᠯᠢᠭ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠳᠤ 1835 ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠱᠮᠢᠳ᠋ᠲ  ᠤᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ︽ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ — ᠣᠷᠣᠰ — ᠭᠧᠷᠮᠠᠨ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ︾᠂ ᠮᠦᠨ 1840 ᠭᠡᠳ ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠺᠤᠸᠠᠯᠸᠧᠰᠺᠧ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ︽ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ — ᠣᠷᠣᠰ — ᠹᠷᠠᠨᠼᠢ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ︾ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠠᠪᠤᠭᠠᠳ ᠬᠤᠷᠢᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠵᠦᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠨ ᠡᠸᠦ᠋ᠷᠦᠫᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠨ ᠨᠦᠭᠦᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠲᠤᠷᠠᠳᠴᠤ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠶᠠᠫᠤᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠨ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠵᠤ ᠡᠬᠢᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠮᠦᠨ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠠᠮᠢᠶᠠᠷᠤᠭᠳᠠᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠡᠸᠦ᠋ᠷᠦᠫᠡ᠂ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ᠂ ᠶᠠᠫᠤᠨ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠢ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠷᠤᠨ ᠦᠵᠡᠪᠡᠯ᠂ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ — ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ᠂ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠲᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭ ᠪᠤᠶᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ — ᠲᠦᠪᠡᠳ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ  ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠯ ᠢ ᠠᠰᠢᠭᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠯ᠎ᠠ ᠢᠯᠡᠳᠲᠡ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃      ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠦᠷᠪᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠤᠷᠢᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠢᠨ᠎ᠡ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠰᠢᠨ᠎ᠡ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠳᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠠᠯ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠶᠠᠭᠤᠮ᠎ᠠ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠦᠭᠡᠳ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠬᠤ ᠲᠠᠯ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠯᠲᠠ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ  ᠨᠢ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠤᠯᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠯ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠢᠨᠢ ᠴᠢᠬᠤᠯᠠ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠯᠳᠦᠭᠦᠨ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠤᠯᠵᠣ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠳᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ — ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ᠂ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ — ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠭᠤᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ᠂ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ   ᠤᠨ ᠵᠦᠪ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠬᠦ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ᠂ ᠲᠤᠰᠬᠠᠢ ᠮᠡᠷᠭᠡᠵᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ ᠨᠡᠯᠢᠶᠡᠳ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠲᠤᠭ᠎ᠠ  ᠪᠠᠷ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠ ᠣᠶᠢᠷ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠲᠤᠮᠤᠬᠠᠨ ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠬᠤ ᠠᠵᠢᠯ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠭᠳᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠤᠢ᠃ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡᠴᠡᠭᠡ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠰᠤᠷᠴᠤ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠴᠢᠳ ᠲᠤ ᠯᠠᠪᠯᠠᠯᠳᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠮᠡᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠵᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠣᠲᠤᠭᠠᠳᠣ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳᠣ ᠳᠤ ᠤᠷᠢᠳᠤ ᠡᠮᠦᠨ᠎ᠡ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠩᠭᠡᠷᠡᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠢ ᠲᠠᠬᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠪᠦᠬᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠳᠠᠷᠦᠢ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠵᠤᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠠᠵᠢᠯ᠂ ᠬᠦᠭᠵᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠴᠣ ᠰᠢᠨ᠎ᠡ ᠱᠠᠲᠤ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠳᠤ ᠣᠷᠣᠭᠠᠳ ᠤᠯᠠᠮ ᠤᠯᠠᠮ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠲᠠᠲᠠᠢ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠭᠳᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠨ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠰ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃     ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠠᠪᠤᠭᠠᠳ ᠡᠳᠦᠬᠡ ᠬᠦᠷᠲᠡᠯᠠᠬᠢ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠦᠭᠵᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠱᠠᠲᠤ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠡᠶᠢᠮᠦᠷᠬᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃     ᠲᠡᠭᠡᠪᠠᠯ᠂ ᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠤᠷᠲᠤ ᠤᠳᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠵᠤᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ  ᠨᠢ ᠴᠤᠬᠤᠮ ᠭᠡᠴᠢᠨᠠᠨ ᠶᠠᠮᠡᠷ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬᠤ ᠪᠤᠢ︖ ᠠᠳᠡ ᠪᠢᠳᠠ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠳᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠪᠢᠰᠢ᠂ ᠵᠦᠪᠬᠡᠨ ᠳᠣᠪᠴᠢ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠢ ᠠᠪᠴᠤ ᠦᠵᠡᠶ᠎ᠡ᠃     ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠤᠳ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠣᠳᠣ ᠪᠣᠯᠲᠠᠯ᠎ᠠ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠣᠲᠣᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳᠣ ᠳᠤ ᠵᠤᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠳᠠᠵᠤ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠢ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠯᠢ ᠳᠤᠨᠢ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠷᠪᠠᠯ᠂ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ᠂ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠭᠤᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ᠂  ᠵᠦᠪ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠯᠭᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ᠂ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠶᠠᠵᠤ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠬᠠᠪᠰᠤᠷᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ᠂ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ ᠬᠡᠬᠦ ᠬᠡᠳᠦᠨ ᠲᠦᠷᠦᠯ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠶᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃           ᠨᠢᠬᠡ᠂ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ     ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠲᠣᠬᠠᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠰ ᠢ ᠤᠳᠬ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠢᠨᠢ ᠬᠤᠪᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠣᠲᠣᠷᠬᠠᠢ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠬᠢᠵᠤ ᠦᠭᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠣᠣᠷᠠᠬᠢ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠢ ᠲᠣᠷᠠᠳᠴᠤ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃     1.  ︽ᠮᠠᠨᠵᠤ — ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ︾ ︵ᠪᠤᠶᠤ ︽ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᠤ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠦᠭᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ︾︶  ᠄ ᠬᠤᠷᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠲᠡᠪᠲᠡᠷ ᠤᠴᠢᠷ ᠠᠴᠠ   ᠶᠡᠷᠦᠳᠡ ᠪᠠᠨ ︽ᠬᠤᠷᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠲᠦ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ︾ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠲᠣᠰ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ 1710 — 1717 ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠷᠤᠨᠳᠤ ︵ᠴᠢᠩ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠩᠬᠡ ᠠᠮᠤᠭᠤᠯᠠᠩ ᠤᠨ 49 — 56 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠣᠨ︶  ᠵᠤᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠳᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠬᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ ︽ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ  ᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ︾ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠦᠨᠠᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠡᠩᠬᠡ ᠠᠮᠤᠭᠤᠯᠠᠩ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠪᠢᠰᠢ᠂ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠷᠠᠰᠢ ᠲᠡᠷᠢᠭᠦᠲᠠᠢ ᠨᠡᠯᠢᠶᠠᠳ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠵᠠᠷᠯᠢᠭ ᠢ ᠬᠦᠯᠢᠶᠠᠨ᠂ ︽ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ︾ ︵ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠵᠤᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠴᠦ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠪᠢᠰᠢ᠂ ᠦᠭᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬᠤ ᠶᠣᠰᠤᠳᠠᠢ︶ ᠲᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠨᠡᠮᠡᠵᠦ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠯ᠎ᠠ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᠤ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠪᠠ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠣᠰ ᠲᠣᠰ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠬᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠠ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠢ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠴᠦ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠲᠣᠯᠢᠨ  ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠭᠲᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠦᠵᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠪᠦᠭᠡᠳ ᠣᠳᠣ ᠬᠦᠷᠲᠡᠯ᠎ᠡ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠤ  ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠲᠡᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᠤ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠳᠠᠯᠢ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᠤ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠳᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠳᠤ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᠣ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠨ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠳᠠ ᠮᠦᠨ ᠪᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃     ︽ᠬᠤᠷᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠲᠦ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ︾ ᠨᠢ ᠹᠸᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠶᠣᠰᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠳᠤ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠤᠯᠠᠨ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠳᠠᠯᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠦᠭᠡᠨ ᠳᠤᠨᠢ ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠴᠢᠨ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠲᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠤᠷᠤᠭᠤ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠰᠢᠩᠭᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠵᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠮᠠᠰᠢ ᠣᠯᠡᠨ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠵᠦᠪ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠭᠦ ᠬᠤᠵᠢᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠴᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠶᠡᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠠᠰᠢᠭᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠵᠤ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠦᠭᠡᠳ ᠣᠳᠣ ᠴᠦ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠶᠠᠩᠵᠤ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠴᠢᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠷᠴᠤ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠯᠠᠪᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠲᠣᠯᠢᠨ  ᠤ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃     2. ︽ᠭᠤᠴᠢᠨ ᠵᠢᠷᠭᠤᠭᠠᠲᠤ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ︾ ︵ᠪᠤᠶᠤ ︽ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠨᠡᠮᠡᠵᠦ ᠳᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ︾︶  ᠄ 1746 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠦᠭᠡᠳ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠷ ᠲᠦᠮᠡ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠮ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠲᠠᠢ᠃ ᠭᠤᠴᠢᠨ ᠵᠢᠷᠭᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠲᠡᠪᠲᠡᠷ ᠪᠤᠯᠬᠤᠷ ︽ᠭᠤᠴᠢᠨ ᠵᠢᠷᠭᠤᠭᠠᠲᠣ︾ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠳᠤᠷᠠᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ︽ᠬᠤᠷᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦ︾ ᠲᠣᠯᠢᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢᠯᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠦᠭᠡᠳ ᠵᠦᠪᠬᠡᠨ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠪᠤᠰᠤ᠂ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ ᠵᠠᠬᠢᠷᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠤᠰᠢᠭᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠦᠷᠲᠡᠯ᠎ᠡ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ  ᠤᠨ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠳᠣᠪᠴᠢ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠰ ᠨᠡᠪᠲᠡᠷᠬᠡᠢ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃     3. ︽ᠭᠤᠴᠢᠨ ᠵᠢᠷᠭᠤᠭᠠᠲᠤ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ︾ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢ ︽ᠫᠦᠷᠪᠦ ᠭᠦᠩ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ︾ ᠭᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠠᠯᠬ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠳᠦᠰᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠫᠦᠷᠪᠦ ᠭᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ 1911— 1921 ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠷᠤᠨᠳᠤ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠲᠣᠰ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠳᠡ 44  ᠲᠡᠪᠲᠡᠷ᠃     4. ︽ᠭᠤᠴᠢᠨ ᠵᠢᠷᠭᠤᠭᠠᠲᠤ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ︾ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢ ︽ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ︾᠄ 1921—1927 ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠷᠤᠨᠳᠤ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠠᠯᠡᠩ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠲᠤᠸ᠋ᠴᠢᠷ᠂ ᠮᠢᠰᠢᠭ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠷ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠳᠠ 37  ᠲᠡᠪᠲᠡᠷ᠃     5. ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠷᠮᠠᠭ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠳᠤ᠂ ᠦᠪᠦᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠦᠮᠡ ᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦᠦ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ︽ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ︾ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠭᠠᠷ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠬᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠵᠤ ᠢᠷᠡᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠴᠢᠳ ᠲᠤ ᠬᠢᠨᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠪᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠮᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠪᠦᠷ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ 1973 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠳᠤᠰᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠦᠷᠡᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠦᠨ ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠮᠠᠯᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃     6. 1927 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠰ᠊ · ᠱᠠᠭᠵᠠ ︽ᠡᠷᠢᠬᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠬᠢᠯᠪᠠᠷ ᠪᠤᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠵᠤᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠴᠢᠨᠳᠠᠮᠤᠨᠢ ᠡᠷᠢᠬᠡ︾ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠳᠦᠷᠪᠡᠨ ᠲᠡᠪᠲᠡᠷ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠡ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠂ ᠮᠦᠨ ᠯᠠ ᠭᠠᠷ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠮᠠᠯ ᠬᠡᠪ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠪᠤᠢ᠃     7. ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠭᠧᠷᠮᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠾᠠᠶᠢᠨᠢᠰᠢ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ︽ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠤᠴᠠ  ᠳᠣᠪᠴᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠤ  ᠲᠣᠯᠢ︾ ᠭᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠵᠤ 1962 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠸᠠᠶᠢᠰᠪᠠᠳᠧᠨ ᠬᠤᠲᠠᠨ᠎ᠠ ᠲᠠᠬᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠭᠦᠯᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠳᠤ ︽ᠨᠢᠭᠤᠴᠠ ᠳᠣᠪᠴᠢᠶᠠᠨ︾ ᠤ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠮᠢᠩᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠰᠢᠬᠠᠮ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠭᠧᠷᠮᠠᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃     8. ᠮᠦᠨ ︽ᠨᠢᠭᠤᠴᠠ ᠳᠣᠪᠴᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ︾ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠶᠠᠫᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠶᠠᠫᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠹᠦᠺᠤᠪᠦ᠋ ᠬᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠣᠶᠢᠷ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠭᠠᠷᠭᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠹᠦᠺᠦᠪᠦ᠋ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠡᠾᠠᠶᠢᠨᠢᠰᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠪᠤᠳᠤᠪᠠᠯ ︽ᠨᠢᠭᠤᠴᠠ ᠳᠤᠪᠴᠢᠶᠠᠨ︾ ᠤ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠣᠷᠣᠯᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠯ ᠢ ᠠᠰᠢᠭᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠠ ᠯᠠᠪᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠳᠠᠪᠠᠭᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠷᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠡᠵᠡᠯᠡᠨ᠎ᠡ᠃ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠲᠡ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠷ ᠲᠡᠪᠲᠡᠷ᠃     9. ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠶ᠊ · ᠴᠠᠪᠠᠯ ︽ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠳᠣᠪᠴᠢ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ︾ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢ 1966 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠯ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠭᠠᠷᠴᠠᠢ᠃ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠲᠦᠮᠡ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠮ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠦᠭᠡᠳ ᠲᠣᠯᠢᠨ ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠡᠰ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠰᠯᠡᠸ᠋ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠲᠣᠯᠣᠭᠠᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠡᠰ ᠳᠡᠷᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠵᠢᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠲᠣᠯᠣᠭᠠᠢ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠤᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠤᠭ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠣᠶᠢᠭᠤᠷᠵᠢᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠬᠠᠳᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃  ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠭᠦᠯᠡᠯ ᠢ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠯᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠲᠣᠰ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠬᠡᠳᠦ ᠬᠡᠳᠦᠨ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠠᠯᠢ ᠡᠷᠲᠡ ᠭᠤᠴᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠳᠦᠨ ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠶᠡᠰ ᠡᠪᠯᠡᠯᠴᠡᠵᠦ ᠲᠠᠯᠪᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠦᠭᠡᠳ ᠲᠡᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠳᠤ ︽ᠬᠤᠷᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠲᠦ︾᠂ ︽ᠭᠤᠴᠢᠨ ᠵᠢᠷᠭᠤᠭᠠᠲᠤ︾ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠷ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠲᠤᠩ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠬᠦᠷᠦᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠂ ᠬᠤᠵᠢᠮ ᠨᠢ ᠶ᠊ · ᠴᠠᠪᠠᠯ ᠡᠷᠬᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠠᠷᠪᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠣᠷᠣᠯᠳᠣᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠵᠤ ᠭᠠᠷᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃     10. ᠦᠪᠦᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ᠂ ᠦᠪᠦᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠲᠡᠦᠭᠡ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤᠷᠠᠵᠤ ︽ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠦᠭᠡᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ︾ ︵ᠡᠲᠦᠬᠡ ︽ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ︾ ᠨᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ︶ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠢ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠤᠢ᠃ ᠪᠠᠷᠤᠭᠯᠠᠪᠠᠯ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠲᠦᠮᠡ ᠲᠠᠪᠤᠨ ᠮᠢᠩᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠤᠷᠴᠢᠮ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠬᠡ ᠨᠣᠣᠷᠠᠭ ᠢ ᠲᠡᠪᠲᠡᠷ ᠪᠤᠯᠭᠠᠵᠤ ᠳᠤᠰᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠦᠷᠭᠦᠯᠵᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠮᠠᠯᠯᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃            ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠷ᠂ ᠤᠷᠴᠢᠭᠤᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ     ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠣᠲᠤᠷ᠎ᠠ ᠤᠷᠴᠢᠭᠤᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ ᠵᠤᠩᠭᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠷᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠡᠵᠡᠯᠡᠨ᠎ᠡ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠲᠦᠮᠡᠨ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠮᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠲᠦᠮᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠷᠤᠨᠳᠤᠬᠢ ᠬᠤᠯᠪᠤᠭ᠎ᠠ᠂ ᠵᠢᠴᠢ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠠᠬᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠯ᠎ᠡ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠢᠮᠠᠭᠲᠠ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠴᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠵᠤ᠂ ᠵᠢᠰᠦᠨ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠷᠤᠨᠳᠣ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠨ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠱᠠᠭᠠᠷᠳᠠᠭᠳᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠤᠯᠠᠮ  ᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠤᠢ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭ ᠮᠦᠨ᠃ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠤᠳᠠᠲᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠦᠵᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠬᠦᠷᠦᠩᠭᠡᠲᠡᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠪᠤᠶᠤ ᠡᠵᠡᠷᠬᠡᠭ ᠲᠦᠷᠢᠮᠡᠭᠡᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠨᠢ ᠦᠪᠡᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠦᠷᠢᠮᠡᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠭᠦᠳᠠᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠵᠤ᠂ ᠨᠤᠮ ᠵᠤᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯ᠂ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠵᠤᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠴᠦ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ᠂ ᠢᠯᠠᠩᠭᠤᠶ᠎ᠠ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠭᠤᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠨᠡᠮᠡᠭᠳᠠᠬᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠯᠳᠠᠢ᠃      ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠭᠤᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠯᠢᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠤᠯᠠᠨ ᠶᠠᠩᠵᠤ ᠲᠦᠷᠦᠯ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬᠤ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ᠪᠢᠳᠠ ᠠᠳᠡ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠲᠦᠯᠦᠪ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ — ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ︵ᠮᠦᠨ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ — ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ︶᠂ ᠲᠦᠪᠡᠳ — ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ︵ᠮᠦᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ — ᠲᠦᠪᠡᠳ︶᠂ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠤᠷᠴᠢᠭᠤᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ ᠭᠡᠵᠤ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠨᠢᠯᠴᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠶ᠎ᠠ᠃         Ⅰ  ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ — ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ︵ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ — ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ︶ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ    11. ︽ᠬᠤᠸᠠ ᠢ ᠢ ᠢᠦᠢ︾ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ᠄ 1382 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠵᠤᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠳᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠲᠣᠰ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠯ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠨ ︽ᠮᠢᠩ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠮᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠲᠡᠮᠲᠡᠭᠯᠡᠯ︾ ᠤᠨ 141 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠡᠷ ᠪᠤᠳᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠣᠲᠣᠷᠬᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ  ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠪᠤᠯ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠭᠦ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠮᠢᠩ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠵᠤ᠋ ᠶᠤᠸᠠᠨ ᠵᠠᠩ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠣᠣᠷᠠᠬᠢ ᠳᠦᠰᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠯᠢᠦ ᠰᠠᠨ ᠦ᠋  ᠠᠴᠠ ᠾᠦᠸᠧ ᠶᠤᠸᠠᠨ ᠵᠢᠶᠧ᠂ ᠮᠠ ᠰᠠ ᠢ ᠾᠸᠢ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠬᠤᠶᠡᠷ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠠᠯᠭᠠᠵᠤ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠲᠡ ᠳᠦᠷᠪᠡᠨ ᠲᠡᠪᠲᠡᠷ᠃      ︽ᠬᠤᠸᠠ ᠢ ᠢ ᠢᠦᠢ︾ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠪᠤᠯ ᠮᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠤ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠭᠤᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠣᠲᠣᠷᠠᠬᠢ ᠶᠡᠬᠡᠳᠡ ᠨᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠦᠭᠡᠳ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠣ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ  ᠶᠢᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠴᠢᠬᠤᠯᠠ ᠠᠴᠢ ᠬᠤᠯᠪᠤᠭᠳᠠᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠲᠤᠯᠠ᠂ ᠲᠣᠲᠣᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳᠣ  ᠶᠢᠨ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠴᠢᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠷᠣᠯ ᠢ ᠲᠠᠲᠠᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠢᠷᠡᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠤᠤᠯ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠭᠠᠯᠢᠭᠴᠢᠯᠠᠨ ᠲᠡᠮᠲᠡᠭᠯᠠᠵᠦ᠂ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠣ᠂ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠯᠪᠠᠨ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠢ ᠬᠦᠷᠲᠡᠯ᠎ᠡ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠭᠠᠯᠢᠭᠴᠢᠯᠠᠨ ᠲᠡᠮᠲᠡᠭᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠤᠯᠬᠤᠷ ᠡᠷᠲᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠬᠦ ᠶᠢ ᠭᠦᠰᠡᠭᠴᠢᠳ ᠲᠤ ᠠᠪᠴᠤ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠭᠠᠭᠴᠠᠬᠠᠨ ᠠᠪᠢᠶ᠎ᠠ᠂ ᠦᠭᠡᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠢᠨᠢ ᠤᠨᠴᠯᠢᠭ ᠢ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠵᠤ ᠪᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠦᠯᠦ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠨ᠂ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ  ᠤ ᠵᠦᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠡᠯᠢᠶᠠᠳ ᠤᠯᠠᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠡᠷᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠴᠤ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠡᠶᠢᠮᠦ ᠤᠴᠢᠷ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠢ ᠪᠢᠳᠠ ᠡᠷᠲᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ᠂ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠪ ᠤᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠴᠢᠬᠤᠯᠠ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠦᠵᠡᠵᠦ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠷᠤᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠪᠠᠯ ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠤᠳᠤᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃    12. ︽ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠨᠠᠩᠭᠢᠶᠠᠳ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ︾᠄ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠢᠷ᠎ᠠ ᠯᠤᠤ ᠤᠨ ︵1928 ᠣᠨ︶ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠡᠭᠡᠵᠢᠩ ᠤᠨ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠷᠢᠶ᠎ᠠ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠮᠠᠯᠯᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃ 18000 ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠮ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠲᠠᠢ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠴᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠰᠢᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠡᠮᠬᠡᠲᠤ ︵ᠸᠠᠩ ᠿᠦᠢ ᠴᠠᠩ︶ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠶᠡᠬᠡᠬᠡᠨ ᠠᠯᠳᠠᠷ ᠭᠠᠪᠢᠶ᠎ᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠵᠤᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠨ᠄ ︽ᠡᠳᠦᠬᠡ ᠁ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠨ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠯᠴᠠᠬᠤ ᠠᠨᠤ ᠤᠯᠠᠮ ᠤᠶᠢᠷ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠠᠳᠠ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠦᠭᠦᠯᠡᠯ ᠤᠳᠬ᠎ᠠ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠡᠪᠲᠡᠷᠡᠯᠴᠡᠬᠦ ᠠᠨᠤ ᠨᠡᠩᠳᠠ ᠴᠢᠬᠤᠯᠠ ᠪᠤᠯᠪᠠᠢ᠂ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠭᠦ ᠿᠦᠢ ᠴᠠᠩ ᠪᠢ ᠤᠷᠢᠳᠠ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠳᠬ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠶᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠶᠢ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯᠴᠢᠯᠠᠨ ᠤᠷᠴᠢᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤᠶ᠎ᠠ ᠬᠢᠨᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠴᠠᠭᠠᠬᠤᠢ  ᠳᠤᠷ ᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤ ᠪᠤᠯᠭᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠦᠨᠦ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠬᠠᠪᠰᠤᠷᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ  ᠠᠴᠠ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠪᠤᠯᠭᠠᠬᠤᠢ ᠳᠤᠷ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠴᠢ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠲᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠤᠯᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠦᠯᠦᠭᠡ︾ ᠭᠡᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠲᠡᠮᠬᠡᠲᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠢ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠤᠷᠢᠳᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠵᠤᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠶᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠯᠤᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠴᠠᠭᠤᠯᠦᠨ ᠦᠵᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠨᠡᠯᠢᠶᠡᠳ ᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠷᠡᠩᠭᠦᠢ ᠤᠴᠢᠷ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠬᠢ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠠᠯᠬᠤᠮ ᠳᠠᠪᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠᠲᠠᠢ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠨ᠎ᠠ ᠃ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠣᠶᠢᠭᠤᠷᠵᠢᠨ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠲᠣᠯᠣᠭᠠᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠡᠰ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠵᠢᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠡᠷᠢᠬᠦ ᠳᠤ ᠶᠡᠬᠡᠯ᠎ᠡ ᠬᠢᠯᠪᠠᠷ ᠳᠦᠭᠦᠮ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠲᠣᠰ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ  ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠷ ᠶᠠᠩᠵᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬᠤ ᠪᠦᠭᠡᠳ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠱᠤᠭᠤᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ᠂ ᠨᠦᠭᠦᠭᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠠᠲᠠᠭᠤ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠰᠤ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠰᠤᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃    13. 1938 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠢᠯᠵᠢᠩᠲᠠᠢ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ︽ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠨᠠᠩᠭᠢᠶᠠᠳ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠭ︾ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠷ ᠲᠡᠪᠲᠡᠷ ᠢ ᠮᠦᠨ ᠪᠡᠭᠡᠵᠢᠩ ᠤᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠮᠠᠯᠯᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃    14. ︽ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠬᠠᠪᠰᠤᠷᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠪᠤᠨ ᠵᠦᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠭᠤᠤ ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠭᠤ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ︾ ᠄ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠢᠷᠭᠤᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠣᠨ ᠪᠤᠶᠤ 1917 ᠤᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠮᠤᠳᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠭᠠᠷᠴᠡᠢ᠃ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠲᠤᠭᠲᠤᠢ᠂ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠷ ᠶᠠᠩᠵᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠬᠡ ᠪᠤᠢ᠃ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠴᠢᠨ ᠬᠤᠰᠢᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠠᠢ ᠱᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠦᠭᠡᠳ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠪᠡᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠢᠨᠢ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠯ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠨ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠦᠭᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ᠃ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠦᠭᠦᠯᠡᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠦᠵᠡᠪᠡᠯ᠂ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠬᠠᠢ ᠱᠠᠨ᠂ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ︽ᠲᠠᠪᠤᠨ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠭᠤ︾ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠬᠦ‍ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠢ ᠠᠪᠴᠤ ᠲᠣᠰ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠵᠦ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠳ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠤᠭ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠮᠦᠨ᠎ᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠭᠤ ᠣᠩᠰᠢᠬᠤ ᠠᠷᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ᠂ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠵᠢᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃    15. ︽ᠨᠠᠩᠭᠢᠶᠠᠳ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ︾᠄ 1940 — 1945 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ︵ᠶᠠᠫᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠯᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ︶ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠵᠠᠢ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠣᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠬᠦᠮᠤᠰ ᠨᠢ ᠸᠠᠩᠴᠢᠨᠳᠣᠷᠵᠢ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠂ ᠴᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠯᠲᠤ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠤᠶᠤ ᠵᠠᠩᠴᠢᠭᠦᠦ ᠳᠤ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠲᠤᠭᠲᠤᠢ ᠵᠢᠷᠭᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠲᠡᠪᠲᠡᠷ ᠪᠤᠯᠭᠠᠨ ︽ᠬᠢᠨᠠᠨ ᠲᠤᠭᠲᠠᠭᠠᠬᠤᠢ ᠳᠤᠷ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠡᠬᠡ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ︾ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠮᠠᠯᠯᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃    16. ᠮᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠷᠢᠳ ᠵᠢᠯ — 1948 ᠤᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠦᠪᠦᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠭᠡᠷ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ︽ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠦᠭᠡᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ︾ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠵᠢᠵᠢᠭᠬᠡᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠭᠳᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃    17. ︽ᠲᠠᠸᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠬᠡ ᠲᠡᠪᠲᠡᠷ︾ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠨᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠤᠭ ᠡᠬᠡ ᠨᠣᠣᠷᠠᠭ ᠣᠳᠣ ᠦᠪᠦᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠣᠳᠬ᠎ᠠ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠤᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠩ  ᠳᠤ ᠪᠤᠢ᠃ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠢ ᠲᠠᠸᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠰ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠨᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠦᠪᠦᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠷᠢᠶ᠎ᠠ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃    18. ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠴᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ︽ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠪᠠ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠰ︾ ︵ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠶᠣᠰᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠤᠰᠬᠠᠢ ᠮᠡᠷᠭᠡᠵᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ︶ ᠢ ᠦᠪᠦᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠨ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠵᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠷᠢᠶ᠎ᠠ ᠠᠴᠠ 1963 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠠᠭᠦᠯᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠲᠣᠰ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠣ᠂ ᠪᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠤᠷᠬᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠲᠠᠬᠢ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠪᠠ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠪᠠᠷᠤᠭ ᠴᠦᠮ ᠪᠠᠭᠲᠠᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠨ᠎ᠠ᠂ ᠶᠡᠷᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠤᠮ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠦᠷᠭᠦᠯᠵᠢ ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠳᠦᠳᠠᠭ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠴᠦᠭᠡᠨ ᠪᠣᠰᠤ ᠨᠡᠮᠡᠵᠦ ᠣᠷᠣᠭᠤᠯᠣᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠪᠠ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠯᠭᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠬᠡᠬᠦ᠂  ᠵᠢᠴᠢ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠲᠠᠨ ᠪᠠ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠬᠠᠨ ᠯᠠᠪᠯᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠮᠠᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃    19. ︽ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠲᠤᠪᠴᠢ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ︾᠄ ᠦᠪᠦᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠤᠳᠬ᠎ᠠ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠠᠴᠠ 1955 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠭᠦᠯᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠲᠦᠮᠡ ᠵᠷᠭᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠮᠢᠩᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠮ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠭᠤᠤᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠰᠢᠨ᠎ᠡ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠨᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠭᠤᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠵᠢᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠲᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠪᠠᠯ ᠡᠩ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠭᠡᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠭᠤᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠴᠦ ᠨᠡᠯᠢᠶᠠᠳ ᠣᠷᠣᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃     ᠠᠳᠡ ᠪᠢᠳᠠ ᠲᠣᠰ ᠲᠣᠯᠢᠨ ᠤ᠂ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠳᠤ ᠦᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠭᠴᠢᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠴᠡᠭᠡ  ᠶᠢ ᠬᠠᠩᠭᠠᠵᠤ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠬᠤ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠦᠯ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠡᠮᠲᠡᠭᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠶᠣᠰᠤᠲᠠᠢ᠃ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠢᠷᠤᠭᠠᠰᠤ ᠪᠠ ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠪᠦᠷ ᠡᠷᠢᠵᠦ ᠪᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠦᠭᠡᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠬᠢᠶᠡᠰᠦ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠤᠯᠬᠤᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠡᠷᠢᠬᠦ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠶᠡᠬᠡᠯ᠎ᠡ ᠲᠦᠬᠦᠮ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠶᠣᠮ᠃ ᠭᠡᠪᠡᠴᠦ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠲᠤᠲᠠᠭᠳᠠᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠭᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠢᠵᠢᠯ ᠲᠠᠰᠤᠯ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠡᠸᠦ᠋ᠷᠦᠫᠡ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠵᠢᠭᠡᠯᠡᠭᠡ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠠᠷᠠᠢ ᠤᠯᠠᠨ ᠢ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠠᠵᠡᠢ᠃20. ︽ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ︾᠂ ᠮᠦᠨ ᠦᠪᠦᠷ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠤᠳᠬ᠎ᠠ ᠵᠤᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠵᠤᠬᠢᠶᠠᠵᠤ 1964 ᠤᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠭᠦᠯᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠢ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠢ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠤ ︽ᠰᠢᠨ ᠬᠤᠸᠠ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ︾ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠪᠤᠯᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠦᠭᠡᠳ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠲᠡ 6686 ᠲᠣᠯᠤᠭᠠᠢ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠤᠷᠤᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠳᠤ 55 ᠣᠨ ᠤ ︽ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠲᠤᠪᠴᠢ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ︾ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠲᠠᠭᠳᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠢᠯᠠᠨ ᠳᠠᠪᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠭᠳᠡᠬᠦᠶᠢᠴᠡ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠩᠭᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠭᠡᠰ ᠢ ᠡᠷᠢᠬᠦ ᠳᠤ ᠤᠪᠤᠤ ᠵᠡᠭᠡᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠤᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠶᠠᠭ ᠨᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ᠂ ᠮᠦᠨ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠲᠤᠰᠬᠠᠢ ᠮᠡᠷᠭᠡᠵᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠭᠡᠰ ᠢ ᠡᠷᠢᠬᠦ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠯᠠ ᠤᠯᠳᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠬᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠲᠡᠶᠢᠮᠦ ᠪᠤᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ ᠣᠳᠣ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠦᠷᠲᠡᠯ᠎ᠡ ᠮᠠᠰᠢ ᠤᠯᠠᠨ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠤ᠂ ᠢᠯᠠᠩᠭᠤᠶ᠎ᠠ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠶᠠᠭᠤᠮ᠎ᠠ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠭᠤᠯᠳᠠᠭ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠷᠤᠭ ᠭᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠪᠤᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃     ᠡᠨᠡ ᠭᠦ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠮᠦᠨ ᠤᠭ ᠵᠤᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠷ ᠶᠠᠩᠵᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ ᠪᠤᠯᠭᠠᠵᠤ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠤᠢ ᠪᠦᠭᠡᠳ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠶᠤᠰᠤᠲᠠᠢ ︽ᠰᠢᠨ ᠬᠤᠸᠠ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ︾ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠭᠤᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ᠂ ᠨᠦᠭᠦᠭᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠤᠤᠯ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠶᠡᠬᠡᠳᠬᠡᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠤᠷᠴᠢᠭᠤᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃    21. ︽ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠡᠪᠰᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ︾ ︵ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠲᠡᠪᠲᠡᠷ︶᠄ ᠵᠤᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠤᠯᠠᠭ᠂ 1973 ᠤᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠦᠪᠦᠷ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠷᠢᠶ᠎ᠠ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠭᠦᠯᠵᠠᠢ᠃ 3576 ᠬᠡᠪᠰᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠲᠠᠢ᠃     ᠪᠤᠯᠠᠭ ᠨᠦᠬᠦᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠲᠤᠯᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠲᠠᠯ᠎ᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠭᠡᠪᠡᠯ᠂ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠡᠪᠰᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠴᠤᠬᠤᠮ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠢᠨᠢ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠦ ᠮᠢᠬᠠᠴᠢᠯᠠᠨ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠶᠤᠰᠤ ᠶᠢ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠲᠠᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠦᠦ᠂ ᠡᠰᠡᠭᠦᠯ᠎ᠡ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠤᠳᠬ᠎ᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠦᠢᠬᠦ ᠲᠡᠶᠢᠮᠦ ᠬᠡᠪᠰᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠪᠤᠶᠤ ᠲᠡᠶᠢᠮᠦ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠢ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠤᠳᠬᠠᠴᠢᠯᠠᠨ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠶᠢ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠲᠠᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠶᠢ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠷᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃    22. ᠦᠪᠦᠷ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠨ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠵᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ︽ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ — ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ︾ ᠡᠳᠦᠬᠡ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨᠲᠡ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠬᠦ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠴᠠ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃    23. ᠦᠪᠦᠷ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠢᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭ᠎ᠠ ︽ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ — ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ︾ ᠡᠳᠦᠬᠡ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠬᠦ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠴᠠ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃         Ⅱ  ᠲᠦᠪᠡᠳ — ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ︵ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ —  ᠲᠦᠪᠡᠳ︶ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ     ︽ ᠲᠤᠬᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ︾ ᠪᠤᠶᠤ ︽ᠲᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭ︾ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠠᠯᠳᠠᠷᠰᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠦᠪᠡᠳ — ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ︵ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ — ᠲᠦᠪᠡᠳ︶ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠲᠤᠩ ᠠᠷᠪᠢᠨ ᠪᠤᠢ᠃ ᠠᠳᠡ ᠬᠡᠳᠦᠬᠡᠨ ᠢ ᠳᠤᠷᠠᠳᠤᠶ᠎ᠠ᠃    24. ︽ᠲᠦᠪᠡᠳ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠬᠢᠯᠪᠠᠷ ᠰᠤᠷᠬᠤ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠬᠦ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨᠲᠠ ᠰᠢᠭᠦᠵᠤ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠣᠷᠤᠰᠢᠪᠠᠢ︾᠄ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠲᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭ ᠢ ᠦᠵᠦᠮᠦᠴᠢᠨ ᠭᠦᠩ ᠭᠤᠮᠪᠤᠵᠠᠪ ᠭᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠴᠢᠩ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠱᠧᠩᠽᠦ ᠬᠤᠸᠠᠩᠳᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ  ᠳᠤ ︵1722 ᠤᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠡᠮᠦᠨ᠎ᠡ︶ ᠵᠤᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠦᠭᠡᠳ ︽ᠳ᠋ᠠᠩᠴᠡᠭᠴᠤᠶᠢᠳᠤᠷ᠂ ᠯᠣᠪᠰᠠᠩᠴᠡᠷᠡᠨ᠂ ᠠᠭᠸᠠᠩᠫᠤᠩᠴᠤᠭ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠪᠠᠢ᠃︾ ᠮᠤᠳᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠯ᠃ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠶᠤᠭᠲᠠ ᠨᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠲᠤᠰᠬᠠᠢ ᠬᠠᠪᠰᠤᠷᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠰ ᠢ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤᠳᠬᠠᠨ ︽ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠬᠦᠢ ᠳᠤᠷ ᠬᠢᠮᠳᠠ ᠪᠤᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠪᠠᠢ︾ ᠭᠡᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠣᠷᠣᠰ ᠲᠤ ᠤᠳᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠵᠤ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠱᠮᠢᠳ᠋ᠲ ᠭᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠨ 1841 ᠤᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠦᠪᠡᠳ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠭᠤᠮᠪᠤᠵᠠᠪ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭ ᠢ ᠠᠰᠢᠭᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃    25. ︽ᠨᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠤᠳᠬ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠲᠣᠲᠣᠳᠬᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠰᠠᠷᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠭᠳᠠᠬᠦ ᠲᠤᠬᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠪᠠᠢ︾ ᠄ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠢ ᠠᠯᠠᠱᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠯᠾᠠᠷᠠᠮᠪᠠ ᠠᠭᠸᠠᠩᠳᠠᠨᠳᠠᠷ ᠦᠪᠡᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠠᠶᠠᠨ ᠨᠠᠰᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠷ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠴᠢᠩ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠦᠷᠦ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯᠲᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠨᠡᠢᠮᠠᠨ ᠤᠨ᠂ ᠠᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠳᠦᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠷᠠᠪᠵᠤᠩ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠢᠷ᠎ᠠ ᠨᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠵᠢᠯ᠂ 1838 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠵᠤᠬᠢᠶᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠭᠦᠯᠡᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠯᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠲᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭ ᠭᠤᠮᠪᠤᠵᠠᠪ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭ ᠢ ᠪᠣᠳᠤᠪᠠᠯ ᠨᠡᠯᠢᠶᠠᠳ ᠤᠯᠠᠨ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠦᠭᠡᠳ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠢᠨᠦ ᠠᠯᠳᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠮᠡᠳᠠᠭ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠂ ᠲᠦᠪᠡᠳ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠡᠰ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠨ᠎ᠡ᠃ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠮᠤᠳᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠠᠯ᠃    26. ︽ᠲᠦᠪᠡᠳ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠨᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠤᠳᠬ᠎ᠠ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠢ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠩᠭᠤᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠠᠷᠢᠯᠭᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠵᠤᠯᠠ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠲᠦ︾᠄ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠲᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭ ᠢ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠶᠠᠳ ᠰᠦᠮᠡᠲᠠᠢ ᠷᠠᠳᠨ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠤᠶᠤ ᠯᠣᠪᠰᠠᠩᠷᠢᠨᠴᠢᠨ᠂ ᠠᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠪᠤᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠢᠷᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠴᠢᠨ ᠦᠬᠡᠷ ᠵᠢᠯ 1877 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠭᠠᠷ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠮᠡᠯ᠂ ᠮᠢᠩᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠢ ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠰᠤ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠢ ᠲᠤᠮᠤ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ ᠪᠦᠭᠡᠳ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ᠂ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ  ᠲᠠᠢ᠂ ᠲᠦᠪᠡᠳ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠲᠦᠪᠡᠳ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠴᠦ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ  ᠨᠢ ᠪᠤᠢ᠃     ᠡᠨᠡ ᠭᠦ ᠲᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭ ᠢ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠷ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠦᠨᠡᠯᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠠᠪᠴᠤ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠪᠤᠢ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃    27. ︽ᠮᠡᠷᠭᠡᠳ ᠭᠠᠷᠬᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠲᠦ ᠲᠠᠭᠶ᠋ᠢᠰ︾᠄ 1924 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ  ᠤᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠠᠯᠡᠩ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠰᠡᠶᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦᠯᠵᠠᠢ᠃    28. ︽ᠲᠦᠪᠡᠳ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠨᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠤᠳᠬ᠎ᠠ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠢ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠳᠬᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠪᠠᠢ︾᠄ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠢ ︽ᠬᠢᠷᠢᠲᠢ ᠪᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠳᠠᠮᠪᠠᠳᠣᠷᠵᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠵᠦ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠪᠠᠢ︾ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠦᠭᠡᠳ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠶᠠᠳ  ᠲᠤ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃         Ⅲ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠤᠷᠴᠢᠭᠤᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ    29.  ︽ᠮᠦᠺᠠᠳ᠋ᠳᠢᠮᠡᠲ ᠠᠯ — ᠠᠳᠠᠪ︾ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ᠄ ᠤᠭ ᠡᠬᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠠᠷᠠᠪ — ᠫᠧᠷᠰ — ᠲᠦᠷᠺ — ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠳᠦᠷᠪᠡᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ᠂ 1938 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠫᠤᠫᠫᠧ᠂ ᠮᠤᠰᠺᠸᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ — ᠲᠦᠷᠺ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠷ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠠᠪᠤᠭᠠᠳ ᠨᠦᠭᠦᠭᠡ ᠠᠷᠠᠪ — ᠫᠧᠷᠰ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠢ ᠶᠢ  ᠨᠢ ᠣᠷᠣᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠫᠤᠫᠫᠧ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠭᠦᠯᠤᠭ᠍ᠰᠠᠨ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠬᠦ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ ᠡᠮᠦᠨ᠎ᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠤᠷᠤᠰᠢᠯ᠂ ᠤᠳᠤᠷᠢᠳᠬᠠᠯ᠂ ᠠᠷᠤ ᠳᠤᠨᠢ ᠲᠦᠷᠺ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠪᠰᠤᠷᠤᠯᠲᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠ ᠭᠤᠤᠯ ᠵᠤᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠷ ᠪᠦᠯᠦᠭ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠯᠳᠦᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠪᠦᠯᠦᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠣᠰ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠣᠷᠣᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠦᠭᠡᠰ  ᠤᠨ ᠠᠪᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠵᠦᠢ ᠪᠠ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠦᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠣᠨᠴᠠᠯᠢᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠫᠤᠫᠫᠧ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠪᠡᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠯ᠂ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠪᠦᠯᠦᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ — ᠲᠦᠷᠺ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃     ᠫᠤᠫᠫᠧ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠢ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠯᠡᠪᠡᠯ ︽ᠮᠦᠺᠠᠳ᠋ᠳᠢᠮᠡᠲ ᠠᠯ — ᠠᠳᠠᠪ︾ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠮᠦᠺᠠᠳ᠋ᠳᠢᠮᠡᠲ ᠠᠯ — ᠠᠳᠠᠪ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠢᠰᠢ᠂ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨ 1143 ᠤᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠡᠮᠦᠨ᠎ᠡ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠦᠷᠺ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠯ — ᠵᠠᠮᠠᠭᠰᠢᠷᠡᠢ ᠭᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠠᠷᠠᠪ — ᠫᠧᠷᠰ ︵ᠰᠡᠭᠦᠯ ᠳᠤᠨᠢ ᠲᠦᠷᠺ ᠦᠭᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠨᠡᠮᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠰᠠᠨ︶ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠭ ᠲᠤ 1492 ᠤᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠡᠮᠦᠨ᠎ᠡ ᠨᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠦᠯᠦ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠬᠦ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠨᠡᠮᠡᠵᠦ ᠤᠷᠤᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠡᠶᠢᠮᠦ ᠳᠦᠷᠪᠡᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠤᠳᠤ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠦᠷᠲᠡᠯ᠎ᠡ ᠳᠠᠮᠵᠢᠭᠳᠠᠵᠤ ᠢᠷᠡᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠶᠠᠭᠤ ᠴᠦ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠲᠤᠯᠢᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠤᠷᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠦᠭᠡᠰ ᠨᠢ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠣᠨᠴᠠᠯᠢᠭ ᠢ ᠬᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠤᠲᠤᠷᠬᠠᠢ ᠪᠦᠭᠡᠳ ᠦᠭᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠪᠠᠯ ᠮᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠤ ᠵᠤᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ︽ᠬᠤᠸᠠ ᠢ ᠢ ᠢᠦᠢ︾ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠷᠤᠭ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠴᠠᠭ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠪᠤᠯᠦᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠮᠦ ᠴᠦ ᠤᠴᠢᠷ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠶᠡᠭᠡᠬᠡᠨ ᠴᠢᠬᠤᠯᠠ ᠠᠴᠢ ᠬᠤᠯᠪᠤᠭᠳᠠᠯ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠢ ᠮᠠᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠤᠷᠤᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃    30. ︽ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ — ᠤᠷᠤᠰ — ᠭᠧᠷᠮᠠᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ︾᠄ 1835 ᠤᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠱᠮᠢᠳ᠋ᠲ ᠵᠤᠬᠢᠶᠠᠵᠤ ᠫᠧᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠪᠦᠷᠢᠭ ︵ᠪᠤᠶᠤ ᠯᠧᠨᠢᠩᠭᠷᠠᠳ᠋︶ ᠲᠤ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠭᠦᠯᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠪᠤᠲᠢ᠂ ᠲᠦᠮᠡ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠮᠢᠩᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠤᠷᠴᠢᠮ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠲᠠᠢ᠃ ᠠᠷᠤ ᠳᠤᠨᠢ ᠤᠷᠤᠰ᠂ ᠭᠧᠷᠮᠠᠨ ᠦᠭᠡᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠬᠢᠶᠠᠰᠤ ᠶᠢ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠳᠤᠭᠤᠯᠵᠠᠢ᠃    31. ︽ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ — ᠤᠷᠤᠰ — ᠹᠷᠠᠨᠼᠢ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ︾ ᠫᠤᠯᠱᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯᠴᠢ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠨ ᠺᠤᠸᠠᠯᠸᠧᠰᠺᠢ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠵᠤ 1844 —1849 ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠷᠤᠨᠳᠤ ᠤᠷᠣᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠺᠠᠽᠠᠨ ᠬᠤᠲᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠭᠦᠯᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠲᠠ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠪᠤᠲᠢ᠃ ᠮᠦᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢ 1933 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠮᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠱᠠᠩᠬᠠᠢ  ᠳᠤ ᠲᠠᠬᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠵᠠᠢ᠃ᠺᠤᠸᠠᠯᠸᠧᠰᠺᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠴᠢᠨ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠡᠯᠢᠶᠡᠳ ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠢᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠤᠭᠠᠴᠠᠭᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠪᠦᠭᠡᠳ ᠯᠤᠪᠰᠠᠩᠭᠠᠯᠰᠠᠩ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠦᠪᠡᠳ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠲᠤᠬᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠠᠰᠢᠭᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠤᠯᠬᠤᠷ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠦᠭᠡᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠷᠤ ᠳᠤᠨᠢ ᠡᠨᠡᠳᠬᠡᠭ᠂ ᠲᠦᠪᠡᠳ ᠤᠳᠬ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠠᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠬᠤᠯᠪᠤᠭᠳᠠᠯ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠵᠤᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠲᠠ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠦᠵᠡᠪᠡᠯ᠂ ᠡᠾᠡᠶᠢᠨᠢᠰᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠷᠤᠯᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ︽ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠤᠴᠠ ᠲᠤᠪᠴᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ︾᠂ ᠶᠠᠫᠤᠨ ᠤ ︽ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ︾ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠦᠷ ᠺᠤᠸᠠᠯᠸᠧᠰᠺᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠠᠰᠢᠭᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃    32. ︽ᠬᠠᠯᠢᠮᠠᠭ — ᠭᠧᠷᠮᠠᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ︾᠄  ᠹᠢᠨᠯᠶᠡᠨ᠋ᠳ᠋ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠨ ᠷᠠᠮᠰᠲ᠋ᠧᠳ᠋ᠲ 1935 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠲᠡᠯᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠠᠯᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠩ ᠲᠡᠷᠢᠭᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠪᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠲᠡᠲᠤᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠦᠨᠡᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ᠂ ᠲᠦᠷᠺ᠂ ᠲᠦᠩᠭᠦᠰ᠂ ᠰᠤᠯᠤᠩᠭᠤᠰ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠠᠯᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠰ ᠢ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠭᠦᠳᠡᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠴᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠲᠦᠮᠡ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠷ ᠮᠢᠩᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠤᠷᠴᠢᠮ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠪᠠᠭᠲᠠᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠬᠡᠳᠦᠶᠢᠪᠡᠷ ᠴᠦᠭᠡᠨ ᠮᠡᠲᠦ ᠪᠤᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢᠯᠠᠨ ᠪᠤᠯᠪᠠᠰᠤᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠨᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠲᠠ ᠤᠴᠢᠷ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠤᠪᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠠᠴᠢ ᠬᠤᠯᠪᠤᠭᠳᠠᠯᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠨ᠎ᠠ ︵ᠯᠤᠪᠰᠠᠩᠸᠠᠩᠳᠠᠨ ︽ᠤᠷᠴᠢᠨ ᠴᠠᠭ  ᠤᠨ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ︾︶᠃    33. ︽ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ — ᠤᠷᠤᠰ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ︾᠄ 1894 ᠠᠴᠠ1898 ᠤᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠭᠤᠯᠰᠲ᠋ᠦ᠋ᠨᠰᠺᠧ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠵᠤ ᠫᠧᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠪᠦᠷᠢᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠪᠤᠳᠢ᠃    34. ︽ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ — ᠤᠷᠤᠰ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ︾᠄ ᠴᠧᠷᠧᠮᠢᠰᠤᠸ᠋᠂ ᠷᠦᠮᠢᠶᠡᠨᠼᠸᠧ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠂1937 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠯᠧᠨᠢᠩᠭᠷᠠᠳ᠋ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠭᠦᠯᠵᠠᠢ᠃    35. ︽ᠤᠷᠤᠰ — ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ︾᠄ 1942 ᠤᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠴ᠊ · ᠳᠡᠮᠳᠢᠨᠰᠦ᠋ᠷᠦᠩ᠂ ᠱ᠊ · ᠯᠣᠪᠰᠠᠩᠸᠠᠩᠳᠠᠨ ᠵᠤᠬᠢᠶᠠᠵᠤ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠭᠦᠯᠵᠠᠢ᠃    36. ︽ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠳ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ — ᠣᠷᠣᠰ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ︾᠄ ᠴᠧᠷᠧᠮᠢᠰᠤᠸ᠋ ᠵᠤᠬᠢᠶᠠᠵᠤ 1951 ᠤᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠮᠤᠰᠺᠸᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ ︽ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠳ — ᠣᠷᠣᠰ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ︾ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠨᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠪᠠᠷ 1973 ᠤᠨ  ᠳᠤ ᠲᠠᠬᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠦᠭᠡᠳ ᠤᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠷ ᠲᠦᠮᠡ ᠲᠠᠪᠤᠨ ᠮᠢᠩᠭᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ  ᠪᠠᠨ ᠤᠳᠤ ᠳᠦᠷᠪᠡᠨ ᠲᠦᠮᠡ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠢ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠤᠯᠵᠠᠢ᠃    37. ︽ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ — ᠤᠷᠤᠰ ᠲᠤᠪᠴᠢ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ︾᠄ ᠠ᠊ · ᠷᠢᠨᠴᠢᠨ ᠵᠤᠬᠢᠶᠠᠵᠤ  ᠭᠡ᠊ · ᠳ᠋᠊ · ᠰᠠᠩᠵᠢᠶ᠋ᠸᠧ ᠬᠢᠨᠠᠵᠡᠢ᠃ 1947 ᠳᠤ ᠮᠤᠰᠺᠸᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠠᠬᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠂ 1960 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠠᠬᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠲᠦᠮᠡ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠮᠢᠩᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠤᠷᠴᠢᠮ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠲᠠᠢ᠂ ᠠᠷᠤ ᠳᠤᠨᠢ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠵᠦᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠪᠴᠢ ᠦᠭᠦᠯᠡᠯ ᠢ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠳᠤᠭᠤᠯᠵᠠᠢ᠃    38. ︽ᠤᠷᠤᠰ — ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠳ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ︾᠄  ᠴᠠᠳᠠᠨᠳᠠᠮᠪᠡᠶ᠋ᠸᠧ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠵᠤ 1954 ᠤᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠮᠤᠰᠺᠸᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠳᠦᠷᠪᠡᠨ ᠲᠦᠮᠡ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠮ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠲᠠᠢ᠃    39. ︽ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ — ᠤᠷᠤᠰ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ︾᠄ 1957 ᠤᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠮᠤᠰᠺᠸᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠦᠭᠡᠳ ᠯᠣᠪᠰᠠᠩᠳᠠᠨᠳᠠᠪ ᠶᠡᠷᠦᠩᠬᠡᠶᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠷ ᠲᠦᠮᠡ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠷ ᠮᠢᠩᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠤᠷᠴᠢᠮ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠲᠠᠢ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ᠂ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠴᠢᠳ ᠪᠠ ᠤᠷᠤᠰ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠰᠤᠷᠤᠭᠴᠢᠳ ᠲᠤ ᠶᠡᠬᠡᠬᠡᠨ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃    40. ︽ᠤᠷᠤᠰ — ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ︾᠄ 1960 ᠳᠤ ᠮᠤᠰᠺᠸᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠭᠳᠠᠪᠡ᠃ ᠳ᠋ᠠᠮᠪᠠᠷᠢᠨᠴᠢᠨ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠵᠤᠬᠢᠶᠠᠵᠤ ᠰᠡᠩᠵᠢᠶ᠋ᠸᠧ ᠬᠢᠨᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠲᠦᠮᠡ ᠤᠷᠴᠢᠮ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠲᠠᠢ᠃    41. ᠲᠦᠮᠡᠨ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠲᠠᠢ ︽ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ —  ᠬᠠᠰᠠᠭ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ︾ 1954 ᠤᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡ ᠪᠤᠢ᠃    42. ︽ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ︾᠄ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠪᠤᠯ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠶᠠᠫᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠶᠠᠫᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠢᠶᠤᠤᠸᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠠᠢᠮᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ︵1933 ᠣᠨ︶ ᠳᠤ ᠶᠠᠫᠤᠨ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠼᠢᠶᠠᠮᠠ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠦᠨ ᠲᠠᠷᠬᠠᠭᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠲᠤᠰ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠶᠠᠫᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠷᠠᠢ ᠵᠠᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠬᠢᠯᠭᠡᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠤ᠂ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ᠂ ᠳᠣᠣᠷᠠᠳᠣ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠲᠡᠪᠲᠡᠷ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦ᠂ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠷ ᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ — ᠶᠠᠫᠤᠨ᠂ ᠳᠤᠤᠷᠠᠳᠤ ᠨᠢ ᠶᠠᠫᠤᠨ — ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠮᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠤ ᠡᠬᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠷ ᠲᠡᠪᠲᠡᠷ ᠢ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯ ᠵᠢᠷᠤᠭ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃    43. ︽ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ — ᠤᠷᠤᠰ — ᠨᠢᠫᠫᠤᠨ ᠦᠭᠡᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ︾᠄ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠲᠡᠪᠲᠡᠷ᠃ ᠪᠢᠦᠨᠢᠨ ᠭᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠵᠤᠬᠢᠶᠠᠵᠤ ᠶᠠᠫᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠢᠶᠤᠤᠸᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠪᠤᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ︵1940 ᠤᠨ︶ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃    44. ︽ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ — ᠶᠠᠫᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ︾᠄ ᠶᠠᠫᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠪᠧᠮᠠᠼᠢ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠵᠤᠬᠢᠶᠠᠵᠤ ᠰᠢᠤᠤᠸᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠷᠪᠠ ᠶᠢᠰᠦᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠦᠭᠡᠳ ᠲᠦᠮᠡ ᠵᠢᠷᠭᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠮᠢᠩᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠤᠷᠴᠢᠮ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠢ᠂ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠦᠭᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠯᠠᠲ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠭᠠᠯᠢᠭ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠬᠠᠲᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ᠃    45. ︽ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ — ᠠᠩᠭ᠍ᠯᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ︾᠄  ᠵᠤᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠸᠤᠯᠭᠡ ᠪᠤᠪᠠᠷᠢ᠂ 1954 ᠤᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠰᠲ᠋ᠤᠺᠭᠤᠯᠮ ᠬᠤᠲᠠᠨ᠎ᠠ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠭᠳᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃    46. ︽ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ — ᠠᠩᠭ᠍ᠯᠢ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠴᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ︾᠄ 1945 ᠤᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ 1953 ᠤᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠵᠤᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠳᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠠᠩᠭ᠍ᠯᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠬᠢᠶᠠᠰᠤ ᠲᠠᠢ᠃ ᠠᠾᠤᠷᠲ᠋ᠤᠷᠢ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠵᠤ ᠡᠮᠦᠨ᠎ᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃    47. ︽ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ — ᠠᠩᠭ᠍ᠯᠢ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ︾᠄ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠭᠤᠮᠪᠣᠵᠠᠪ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠯᠢᠽᠧᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤ ᠵᠤᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠦᠭᠡᠳ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠷ ᠲᠦᠮᠡ ᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦᠦ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠲᠠᠢ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠲᠤᠯᠢᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠤᠷᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠵᠢᠭᠡᠯᠡᠯᠭᠡ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠨᠦᠭᠦᠳ ᠢ ᠳᠣᠣᠷ᠎ᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠶᠠᠮᠠᠷ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠲᠣᠲᠣᠯᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠲᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠣᠨᠴᠠᠯᠢᠭ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠤᠯᠦᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃             ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠ᠂  ᠵᠦᠪ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠯᠭᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ    48. ︽ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠦᠷᠢᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ︾᠄ ᠱᠠᠭᠵᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ ︵ᠪᠤᠶᠤ ᠬᠦᠬᠡ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠠ ︽ᠬᠦᠬᠡ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ︾ ᠴᠦ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ︶ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ  ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠰᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠭᠦ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠷ ᠲᠦᠮᠡ ᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠮᠢᠩᠭᠠᠨ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠦᠭᠡᠳ 1951 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠮᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠤ ᠲᠠᠬᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠤᠳᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠤᠶᠢᠭᠤᠷᠵᠢᠨ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠯᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠶᠠᠭᠠᠬᠢᠵᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ ᠭᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠪᠠᠷᠤᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠬᠦ ᠬᠦᠬᠡ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠡᠷᠢᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠲᠤᠰ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠢᠨᠢ ᠪᠤᠷᠤᠭᠤ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠭᠠᠷᠭᠠᠪᠠᠯ ᠶᠡᠷᠦᠩᠬᠡᠢ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠵᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠢᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠤᠭᠠᠨ  ᠳᠤ ᠤᠷᠤᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃    49. ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠤ ᠰᠯᠠᠸ᠋ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠦᠪ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠬᠦ ᠲᠦᠷᠢᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ 1952 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃    50. ︽ᠵᠦᠪ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠯᠭᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠰᠠᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢ︾᠄ ᠦᠪᠦᠷ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ  ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠠ᠊ · ᠳᠠᠮᠳᠢᠨ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ᠂ 1963 ᠤᠨ ᠳᠤ ︽ᠦᠪᠦᠷ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠦᠯ︾ ︵ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠤᠳᠬ᠎ᠠ ᠵᠤᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠤᠰᠬᠠᠢ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠯ ︶ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠤᠭᠡᠷ ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠲᠡᠯᠡᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠲᠤᠰ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠠᠪᠤᠨ ᠮᠢᠩᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠭᠠᠷᠦᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠩᠭᠤ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠰᠤᠩᠭᠤᠨ ᠤᠷᠤᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ᠂ ᠢᠵᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠦᠭᠡ︔ ᠲᠦᠷᠰᠦ ᠢᠯᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠵᠠᠷᠴᠢᠮᠲᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠰ︔ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠯᠭᠡ ᠢᠵᠢᠯ᠂ ᠤᠳᠬ᠎ᠠ᠂ ᠲᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠦᠭᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠨᠦᠭᠦᠳ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠯᠳᠦᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠦᠭᠡᠳ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠯᠤᠭᠴᠢ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠤᠶᠢᠯᠡ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠨᠦᠭᠦᠳ ᠪᠠ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠬᠦ᠂ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠯᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠢ ᠵᠢᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠳᠤᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠢ ᠲᠤᠰᠬᠠᠢ ᠲᠡᠪᠲᠡᠷ ᠪᠤᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠲᠤᠲᠤᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠷᠬᠠᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠪᠤᠢ᠃ ᠢᠵᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠨᠦᠭᠦᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠦᠪ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠯᠭᠡ᠂ ᠢᠯᠠᠩᠭᠤᠶ᠎ᠠ ᠲᠦᠷᠰᠦ ᠢᠯᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠵᠠᠷᠴᠢᠮᠲᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠰ ᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠨᠡᠯᠢᠶᠠᠳ ᠤᠨᠤᠪᠴᠢᠲᠠᠢ᠂ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠠᠪᠰᠠᠭᠠᠷᠬᠠᠨ ᠬᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠦᠭᠡᠳ ᠤᠯᠠᠨ ᠲᠤᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠦᠷᠡᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠦᠨ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠵᠤ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠬᠡᠮ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠲᠡ  ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠲᠡᠭᠡᠯ ᠪᠤᠯᠭᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠤᠯᠬᠤᠶᠢᠴᠠ ᠵᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃        ᠳᠦᠷᠪᠡ᠂  ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠶᠠᠵᠤ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠬᠠᠪᠰᠤᠷᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ     ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠶᠠᠵᠤ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠬᠠᠪᠰᠤᠷᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ ᠪᠤᠯ ᠦᠨᠡᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠶᠤᠰᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠤᠷᠴᠢᠭᠤᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ   ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠷ᠂ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠ᠂ ᠳᠦᠷᠪᠡ᠂ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠭᠰᠢᠯᠠᠪᠠᠯ ᠲᠠᠪᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠬᠠᠪᠰᠤᠷᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠲᠡᠯ᠎ᠡ ᠪᠦᠷ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃    51. ︽ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᠤ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠭᠤ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠯᠡᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ  ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ︾᠄ ᠲᠡᠭᠷᠢ ᠲᠡᠳᠭᠦᠭᠴᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠦᠴᠢᠨ ᠳᠦᠷᠪᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠰᠴᠢ᠃ 31 ᠲᠡᠪᠲᠡᠷ 285 ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠦᠭᠡᠳ ᠲᠦᠮᠡ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠮᠢᠩᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠤᠷᠴᠢᠮ ᠦᠭᠡᠰ ᠢ ᠪᠠᠭᠲᠠᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃    52. ︽ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠳᠦᠷᠪᠡᠨ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠬᠠᠪᠰᠤᠷᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ︾᠄ 1779  ᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠤᠷᠴᠢᠮ ᠵᠤᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠯᠲᠠᠢ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠪᠤᠯ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᠤ᠂ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ᠂ ᠲᠦᠪᠡᠳ᠂ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠳᠦᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ᠂ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠲᠡ 34 ᠲᠡᠪᠲᠡᠷ᠂ 318 ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠦᠭᠡᠳ ᠲᠦᠮᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠮᠠᠨ ᠮᠢᠩᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠰᠢᠬᠠᠮ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠲᠠᠢ᠃    53. ︽ᠲᠠᠪᠤᠨ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠬᠠᠪᠰᠤᠷᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ︾᠄ ᠲᠡᠭᠷᠢ ᠲᠡᠳᠭᠦᠭᠴᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠳᠤ ᠵᠤᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠭᠠᠷ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠪᠡᠭᠡᠵᠢᠩ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠨᠤᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠩ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠢ 1957 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠦᠪ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯ ᠵᠢᠷᠤᠭ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᠤ — ᠲᠦᠪᠡᠳ — ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ — ᠤᠶᠢᠭᠤᠷ — ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠲᠠᠪᠤᠨ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠬᠠᠪᠰᠤᠷᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠲᠡ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠲᠤᠮᠤ ᠪᠤᠲᠢ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ᠃ ᠲᠦᠪᠡᠳ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠢ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᠤ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠦᠰᠦᠭᠯᠠᠨ ᠭᠠᠯᠢᠭᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠᠳ᠂ ᠮᠦᠨ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᠤ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠪᠠᠭᠤᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠭᠠᠯᠢᠭᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠ ᠤᠶᠢᠭᠤᠷ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᠤ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠪᠠᠭᠤᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠭᠠᠯᠢᠭᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃     ᠡᠨᠡ ᠬᠦ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ ᠲᠤᠷᠠᠲᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠨᠦᠭᠦᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠴᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠬᠢᠬᠦ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ᠂ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠭᠤᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠯ ᠬᠢᠬᠦ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠨᠡᠯᠢᠶᠠᠳ ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠯᠠᠪᠯᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠤᠮ ᠪᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠦᠭᠭᠦᠨ᠎ᠡ᠃    54. ︽ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠳᠬ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠶᠠᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ︾᠄ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠢ ︽ᠲᠠᠪᠤᠨ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ  ᠤᠨ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠬᠠᠪᠰᠤᠷᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ︾ ᠲᠤ ᠲᠤᠯᠭᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢᠯᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠲᠡᠮᠬᠡᠲᠦ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠦᠨ 1926 ᠤᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠡᠭᠡᠵᠢᠩ ᠤᠨ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠨ ᠭᠠᠷᠭᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃ 1956 ᠤᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠦᠪ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠲᠠᠬᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃    55. ︽ᠮᠠᠨᠵᠤ᠂ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ᠂ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠬᠠᠲᠠᠮᠠᠯ ᠦᠵᠡᠬᠦᠢ ᠳᠤᠷ ᠬᠢᠯᠪᠠᠷ ᠪᠤᠯᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ︾᠄ ᠲᠡᠭᠷᠢ ᠲᠡᠳᠭᠦᠭᠴᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠬᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠨ᠎ᠠ ᠵᠢᠯ ︵1780 ᠤᠨ︶ ᠹᠦᠭᠢᠶᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠪᠠ᠃ 12 ᠲᠡᠪᠲᠡᠷ᠂ ᠲᠦᠮᠡ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠷ ᠮᠢᠩᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠤᠷᠴᠢᠮ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠲᠠᠢ᠃        ᠲᠠᠪᠤ᠂ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ    56. ︽ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠲᠤᠤᠨ ︵ᠲᠤᠳᠤ︶ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠᠯᠳᠦᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠴᠤᠭᠯᠠᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ︾᠄ ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠰᠢᠶᠠᠯᠲᠤ ᠢᠷᠦᠭᠡᠯᠲᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠴᠢᠨ ᠮᠤᠭᠠᠢ ᠵᠢᠯ ︵1797 ᠤᠨ︶ ᠹᠦᠭᠢᠶᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠤᠶᠢᠷᠠᠳ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠦᠭᠡᠳ ᠦᠭᠡᠰ ᠢ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠡᠰ ᠲᠠᠷᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠵᠢᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃    57. ︽ᠤᠷᠳᠤᠰ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ︾᠄ 1941— 1944 ᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠷᠤᠨᠳᠤ ᠪᠡᠭᠡᠵᠢᠩ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠮᠤᠰᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠲ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠵᠤᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠠ ︽ᠮᠤᠰᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠲ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ︾ ᠭᠡᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠲᠡ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠲᠡᠪᠲᠡᠷ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠡᠬᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ᠂ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠮᠤᠰᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠲ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠪᠡᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠯ ᠪᠠ ᠹᠷᠠᠨᠼᠢ᠂ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠵᠢᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠳᠤᠭᠤᠯᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ ᠲᠤᠰ ᠪᠡᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠡᠬᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠳ ᠣᠷᠳᠣᠰ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠭᠠᠯᠢᠭ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠲᠡᠮᠲᠡᠭᠯᠡᠵᠤ᠂ ᠲᠠᠷᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠹᠷᠠᠨᠼᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠤᠷᠴᠢᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ᠂ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠵᠢᠱᠢᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠂ ᠳᠦᠷᠪᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠵᠢᠱᠢᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠹᠷᠠᠨᠼᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠵᠤ᠂ ᠲᠠᠪᠤᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠬᠡᠷᠪᠡ ᠵᠢᠭᠡᠯᠡᠭᠡ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠤᠯ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠯ ᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠵᠦ᠂ ᠵᠢᠷᠭᠤᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠣᠷᠳᠣᠰ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠴᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠳ ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠡᠭᠦᠯ ᠳᠤᠨᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠬᠢᠶᠡᠰᠦ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠠᠪᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃     ︽ᠣᠷᠳᠣᠰ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ︾ ᠨᠢ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ ᠬᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠤᠪᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠨᠡᠯᠢᠶᠠᠳ ᠠᠰᠢᠭ  ᠲᠠᠢ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠢ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ ᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠭᠤᠵᠤ ᠦᠭᠬᠦ ᠲᠤᠯᠠ ᠯᠠᠪᠯᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠵᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠤᠷᠤᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃     ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠦᠬᠦ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡᠨ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠴᠠ ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠲᠤᠶᠢᠮᠤ ᠶᠢ ᠲᠤᠪᠴᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠦᠭᠦᠯᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠡᠶᠢᠮᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃                                                1975 ᠤᠨ
  
ᠢᠷᠡᠯᠲᠡ᠄ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠰᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠤᠳ
 
 
ᠬᠠᠮᠢᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠢ ᠰᠣᠨᠢᠨ
  
ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠡᠥᠭᠡᠨ ᠱᠠᠳᠤ ᠥᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠠᠩᠬᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠠᠰᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠳᠤ
ᠤᠷᠳᠤᠰ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠬᠤᠰᠢᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠲᠥᠷᠪᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ
2014-2015 ©  ᠦᠪᠦᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠮᠦᠩᠭᠡᠭᠠᠯ ᠰᠣᠹᠲ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠢᠵᠠᠭᠠᠷᠲᠦ ᠺᠣᠮᠫᠠᠨᠢ ᠪᠦᠬᠦ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠬᠠᠮᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠂ ᠵᠦᠪᠰᠢᠶᠡᠷᠡᠯ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠶᠢ ᠡᠷᠡᠰ ᠬᠤᠷᠢᠭᠯᠠᠨ᠎ᠠ 蒙ICP备05070829号